Dr. Helen Hundley, Wichita State University
I. SIBERIA IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
A. TODAY--CROSSROADS OF CULTURE--SIBERIA
IS ASIA, EUROPE; S. KOREAN, JAPANESE, CHINESE, SWISS, DUTCH, GERMAN, AMERICAN,
BRITISH, AND FRENCH COMPANIES HAVE CONTRACTS---MINING, LOGGING, AND
MANUFACTURING--INDIVIDUAL SMALL ENTREPRENEURS, ESP. FROM CHINA
B. REALITY---SIBERIA NOW, AS
ALWAYS--SUFFERS AND/OR GAINS FROM STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS OF THE CENTER.
C. POPULATIONS---SEE CHARTS (end of page)
NOTE--THE
NUMBERS ARE GENERAL AND MAY NOT INCLUDE POPULATIONS OF “SHADOW TOWNS” SUCH AS
TOMSK-7, ETC.
II. HISTORY
URBAN
SIBERIA STORY BEGINS W/CREATION OF RUSSIAN SIBERIA
A. ROLE OF OSTROGS
--FIRST
SETTLEMENTS--SOME PLACES WERE ONLY “WINTER CAMPS”--BUILDING OF WOODEN DEFENSES
--MILITARY
AND ADMINISTRATIVE CENTERS
--ORTHODOX
CHAPEL
--TRADE
CENTER
B. OSTROG BEGINNINGS (SEE CHART at end of page)
16-18TH
C.
C. POPULATION TYPES
1. COSSACKS
2. TRADERS/MERCHANTS
3. ‘‘ADMINISTRATION”
VOEVODAS--ADMINISTRATION, TAX COLLECTION, JUDICIARY, MILITARY
4. ORTHODOX CHURCH
5. EXILES
III. 19TH
CENTURY--GENERALIZATIONS
A. RANGE OF URBAN CENTERS
1.
VILLAGES--NOT NECESSARILY POOR
2. SMALL TOWNS--TOBOL’SK
3. LARGE, RAPIDLY GROWING CITIES--including TOMSK, IRKUTSK, AND VLADIVOSTOK
B. WHERE WAS GROWTH?
1. BEFORE THE TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILROAD
TRANSPORTATION--SIBERIAN
TRAKT
GREATEST
GROWTH IN WESTERN & EASTERN
SIBERIA
CENTERS
FOR PACIFICATION OF LOCAL POPULATIONS
& COLLECTION OF YASAK,
TRADE
1850S-1860S--FOR
EXAMPLE--GREATEST PROJECT--MOVEMENT
OF PEASANTS, MOSTLY
FROM UKRAINE TO NEWLY ANNEXED AMUR TERRITORY
2. TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILROAD
CENTENNIAL--1998
1898--1914
POLITICS,
POLITICS, POLITICS
MOST
STRONG CENTERS GOT RAIL
HELPED HURT
BY ABSENCE
TIUMEN TOBOL’SK
IRKUTSK TOMSK
VLADIVOSTOK (CER)
CHITA
1906--BARNAUL--BEGINNING
OF TURKESTAN--SIBERIA
RAIL
C. LIMITATIONS TO URBAN GROWTH
1. PRE-1861 SERFDOM
2. PRE-1860S--LIMITS ON PRINTING PRESS, LOCAL
RULE, ETC.
3. POST 1861--DISTANCE, UNTIL TRANS-SIBERIAN
IV. LIFE IN TOWN
BY 1900
TURN OF
CENTURY--INDICATORS OF SOPHISTICATION, IN
ADDITION TO SIZE WERE:
DIVERSIFICATION
OF POPULATION/BUSINESSES
LEVEL OF
MEDICAL CARE
EDUCATION
SERVICES
N.M.
IADRINTSEV: 1893--FOLLOWING A VISIT TO CHICAGO--IRKUTSK WOULD BE LIKE CHICAGO
IN 1000 YEARS
A. POPULATION
BROADENED--FROM
VOEVODAS, COSSACKS, ORTHODOX PRIESTS, AND TRADERS--THEIR 19TH C. EQUIVALENTS
--MUCH MORE SOPHISTICATED
BIG
CITIES--IRKUTSK, TOMSK, OMSK
FACTORIES--FACTORY
WORKERS
MERCHANTS/BANKERS/ENTREPRENEURS--RISING
MIDDLE CLASS
DIVERSE
POPULATION--MUSLIM MERCHANTS, BUDDHISTS, CATHOLICS, LUTHERANS, OLD BELIEVERS,
BAPTISTS, JEWS--HOUSES OF WORSHIP
B. EDUCATION
GENERALIZATION--SIBERIA
LOWEST LITERACY (but doesn't hold for urban centers)
LIES
& STATISTICS
1. 1ST HALF OF 19TH C.--GRAMMAR/GYMNASIA
2. HIGHER EDUCATION
KAZAN
UNIVERSITY
1888--1ST
UNIVERSITY--TOMSK STATE
1900--TOMSK
POLYTECHNIC
POST-1917 UNIVERSITIES
IRKUTSK,
NOVOSIBIRSK, VLADIVOSTOK,
OMSK,
TOMSK IRKUTSK, ULAN-UDE, NOVOSIBIRSK,
VLADIVOSTOK, BARNAUL
MEDICAL
SCHOOLS, POLYTECHNICS, TEACHERS
COLLEGES, ETC.
C. MEDICAL CARE
OSTROGS,
EARLY TOWNS--LUCKY TO HAVE VISITING
MD OF SOME SORT--
1900--SPECIALISTS--
IN BIG CITIES--TOMSK, IRKUTSK
FROM GENERAL PRACTITIONERS TO INTERNAL MEDICINE, PEDIATRICIANS
IRKUTSK--5
PHARMACIES
V. TECHNOLOGY
IRKUTSK
TELEGRAPH--1860S--BY
1900 TELEPHONE
--ASPHALT
BUSINESS
--BICYCLES
--GRAMOPHONES--IRKUTSK
MAJOR PUBLISHING
CENTER FOR SHEET MUSIC
VI. CULTURE
THEATERS,
ART AND SCIENTIFIC MUSEUMS
MOVIE
THEATERS
1. THEATER
PROFESSIONAL
THEATER--1850S--BY 1870S “BIG TIME”--IN IRKUTSK, TOMSK, OMSK
1890--IRKUTSK--NEW
PHILHARMONIC HALL
2. MUSEUMS
1782--1ST
SIBERIAN CULTURE--ETHNOGROPHY MUSEUM
IN EASTERN SIBERIA
LAKSMAN ACADEMY, OFFICIALLY OPENED IN
1805 (BURNED IN 1879 REOPENED IN 1880)
INCLUDED
RUSSIAN, BURIAT & EVENK
1890--KIAKHTA
MUSEUM--EVOLVED INTO RGO-DIVISION (TROITSKOSAVSK-KIAKHTINSKOGO
OTD. RGO)
1895--CHITA
MUSEUM --WITH BURIAT DIVISION
3. ART MUSEUMS
1870S--SUKACHEV’S
ART COLLECTION--became the Irkustsk Art Museum
4. MOVIES
1899--IRKUTSK--1ST
MOVIE--BY 1914--13 “ELLEKTROTHEATRS”
RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR
SOVIET
URBAN SIBERIA
I. INTRODUCTION
EXPANDED
TSARIST ROLES--GULAG, MAINTAINING THE FRONTIER, MINING, SCIENCE
REFLECTED
IN GROWING POPULATION
MILITARY,
ADMINISTRATION
REMOVAL OF
RELIGION
II. POPULATION--INTERWAR
ORIGINAL
SIBERIANS---INCREASE OF NUMBERS BUT DECREASE
OF PERCENTAGE
DOMINANT
NUMBERS & PERCENTAGE--SLAVS--GREAT RUSSIANS, UKRAINIANS
#1
RUSSIANS----------------------------87-90%
III. NEW CITIES
A. SCIENCE--NOVOSIBIRSK
B. GULAG----MAGADAN
IV. GULAG
MOSTLY
OUTSIDE OF ESTABLISHED TOWNS
OSTROG
FOUNDING DATES
TIUMEN
| TATAR
TOWN (CHINGI-TURA--1300S)
1586--1ST
RUSSIAN
|
TOBOL’SK
| 1587--OSTROG
|
TOMSK
| 1604--OSTROG
|
IRKUTSK
| 1651
OSTROG
|
CHITA
| 1653 CAMP
1690
OSTROG |
| ULAN-UDE | 1666-UDINSKOYE CAMP
1783
VERKHNE-UDINSK
1934
ULAN-UDE
|
OMSK
| 1716
OSTROG
|
BARNAUL
| 1738
MINING CENTER
|
NIKOLAEVSK
| 1850--AS
PACIFIC PORT-NA-AMURE
|
| VLADIVOSTOK | 1860
PACIFIC PORT
|
NOVOSIBIRSK
| 1893
(USED BY CITY TODAY--TRANS-SIBERIAN
STOP)
NOVONIKOLAIEVSKII,
HAD BEEN VILLAGE
OF USEVKA, OR
ALEKSANDROVSKII 1929 NOVOSIBIRSK |
IGARKA
| 1929
TOWN
|
MAGADAN
| 1933 GULAG
|
IRKUTSK--POPULATION
GROWTH
1823---------------------------------------------------15,743
1836---------------------------------------------------16,569
1855---------------------------------------------------23,856
1871---------------------------------------------------32,245
1897---------------------------------------------------51,500
1917---------------------------------------------------90,400
1989-------------------------------------------------
622,301
1993--------------------------------------------------604,500
2002--------------------------------------------------593,604
2010--------------------------------------------------587,225
POPULATION
OF SIBERIAN CITIES
CITY
|
1897
| 1917
| 1990S |
| BARNAUL | 21,100
| 56,000
| 606,800
|
| CHITA | 11,000 | |
|
| IRKTUSK | 52,500
| 90,400
| 604,500
|
NOVOSIBIRSK
| 7,800
| 69,800
| 1,446,300
|
OMSK
| 37,400 | 80,300
| 1,166,800
|
TIUMEN
| 29,000
| | 494,200
|
TOBOL’SK
| 20,400
| |
96,800
|
| TOMSK | 52,200 | 101,100 | 506,600
|
| ULAN-UDE |
8,100 | 21,600 | 362,400
|
| VLADIVOSTOK | | | 648,000
|
SOURCE: INCLUDES:
A.S. MOSKOVSKII & V.A. ISUPOV, FORMIROVANIE GORODSKOGO NASELENIIA SIBIRI
(1926-1939 gg ) (NOVOSIBIRSK, 1984):
145-146.
URBAN
SIBERIA IN THE 21ST CENTURY
CITY 2010
BARNAUL............................612,091
CHITA................................323,964
IRKUTSK.............................587,225
NOVOSIBIRSK....................1,473,737*LARGEST CITY
IN SIBERIA, 6TH
IN NATION
OMSK.............................1,153,971 **SECOND LARGEST, 7TH IN NATION
TOBOL’SK............................99,698
TOMSK...............................522,940
ULAN-UDE...........................404,357
VLADIVOSTOK......................592,069
